| name |
Amanita silvifuga |
| author |
Bas. 1969. Persoonia 5: 356, figs. 39-41. |
| name status |
nomen acceptum |
| english name |
"Forest-Fleeing Lepidella" |
| synonyms |
double click in markup mode to edit.
The editors of this site owe a great debt to Dr. Cornelis Bas
whose famous cigar box files of Amanita nomenclatural information
gathered over three or more decades were made available to RET for computerization
and make up the lion's share of the nomenclatural information presented on this site.
|
| MycoBank nos. |
308587 |
| GenBank nos. |
Due to delays in data processing at GenBank, some accession numbers may lead to unreleased (pending) pages.
These pages will eventually be made live, so try again later.
|
| holotypes |
MICH; isotype, L |
| revisions |
Tulloss, here. |
| intro |
The following text may make multiple use of each data field.
The field may contain magenta text presenting data from a type study
and/or revision of other original material cited in the protolog of the present taxon.
Macroscopic descriptions in magenta are a combination of data from the protolog and
additional observations made on the exiccata during revision of the cited original
material.
The same field may also contain black text, which is data from a revision of the present
taxon (including non-type material and/or material not cited in the protolog).
Paragraphs of black text will be labeled if further subdivision of
this text is appropriate.
Olive text indicates a specimen that has not been
thoroughly examined (for example, for microscopic details) and marks other places in the text
where data is missing or uncertain.
The following material is based on the protolog of the present species and on original research by R. E. Tulloss.
from protolog: Basidiomes large. |
| pileus |
from protolog: 90 - 150 mm wide, white to pale ochraceous buff, convex to plano-convex, sometimes plano-concave in age, dry, becoming areolate even in young specimens; context white, rather thick; margin nonstriate, with slight sterile rim, eroding to appendiculate; universal veil as scattered warts (becoming small scales near margin), reddish-brown to brown, becoming concolorous with age, adnate, felted-fibrillose, conical to subconical, small to moderately large (up to 4 mm wide). |
| lamellae |
from protolog: free to remote, crowded to subdistant, white, with entire concolorous edge, 18 - 25 mm broad; lamellulae attenuate. |
| stipe |
from protolog: 75 - 110 × 10 - 20 mm, white, cylindric, or more rarely slightly narrowing upward or downward, glabrous above partial veil, below with incomplete circles of appressed to recurved scales; bulb lacking; context white, solid; partial veil apical, simple, patent to pendent, white, nonstriate, felted-membranous, rather thick (even in exsiccata); universal veil white, submembranous, [associated with] appressed to recurved scales on much of stipe. [Note: If the stipe scales are analogous to those of A. vittadinii, volval material found at the upper edge of the scales may induce the splitting of superficial stipe tissue and the creation of the scales.—ed.] |
| odor/taste |
from protolog: Odor indistinct. Taste 'distinctly bitter' (Bas 1969). |
macrochemical
tests |
none recorded. |
| pileipellis |
from protolog: "a difficult to delimit dense layer of narrow hyphae"; in mature caps with thin gelatinized layer at surface, then filamentous hyphae 3 - 7 μm wide, interwoven.
RET: absent even in young material (consequently pileus context difficult to distinguish from universal veil base). |
| pileus context |
RET: filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.2 - 13.0 µm wide, branching, plentiful, often in fascicles, occasionally with yellowish subrefractive walls, frequently with partially inflated intercalary segments (up to 94 × 24 µm), densely packed and dominating near lamellae, more loosely intertwined but also dominating in region of transition between pileus context and universal veil; acrophysalides plentiful, dominating away from surfaces, rather similar in shape to those of universal veil (becoming nearly identical to those inflated cells of universal veil in region of transition to universal veil), pyriform, clavate, narrowly clavate, fusiform, subcylindric, up to 72 × 49 µm, terminal, singly or in chains, with walls thin or up to 0.5 µm thick; vascular hyphae 5.8 - 19.8 µm wide, very infrequent; clamps present. |
| lamella trama |
from protolog: bilateral; probably with a rather distinct hymenopodium of more or less ellipsoid cells up to 40 × 25 μm.
RET: bilateral; wcs = 40 - 65 µm; with subhymenial base comprising clavate to narrowly clavate to allantoid to narrowly fusiform inflated cells (thin-walled, intercalary, up to 84 × 26 µm) and uninflated filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae arranged in smoothly curving structure, with shallow angle of divergence; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.5 - 5.8 µm wide, branching; divergent, terminal inflated cells are absent or scarce and (if present) are identical to intercalary cells of subhymenial base; vascular hyphae 1.2 - 10.2 µm wide, uncommon; clamps present. |
| subhymenium |
from protolog: ramose to irregularly cellular.
RET: wst-near = 70 - 95 µm; wst-far = 85 - 100 µm; with 15 - 20 µm from subhymenial base to nearest basidial base, with 25 - 35 µm from subhymenial base to farthest basidial base, comprising inflated cells (up to 20 × 15.0 µm) and partially inflated and uninflated short hyphal segments, with major axis of most elements perpendicular to central stratum, with basidia arising from short uninflated and partially inflated hyphal segments and branched elements and small (clavate to irregular) cells. |
| basidia |
from protolog: 30 - 45 × 8 - 10 μm, 4-sterigmate; clamps abundant.
RET: 37 - 50 × 8.8 - 11.2 µm, 4-sterigmate; clamps and proliferated clamps common to plentiful. |
| universal veil |
from protolog: On pileus: colorless in alkaline solution, with chains of cells having anticlinal orientation at least in warts over disc; inflated cells mainly in chains, subcylindric to slenderly fusiform to elongate, sometimes broadly ellipsoid, up to 140 × 25 μm and 80 × 45 μm.
RET: On pileus: with periclinal orientation in lower part, above having anticlinal orientation except disordered in wart apex; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.1 - 8.8 µm wide, branching, plentiful near base, common to scattered elsewhere, occasionally in fascicles, with some having yellowish subrefractive walls; inflated cells dominant, broadly fusiform, fusiform, narrowly fusiform, clavate, ovoid, ellipsoid, herniated, up to 171 × 65 µm, with walls thin or up to 0.7 µm thick, apparently in terminal chains, with some dissociated; vascular hyphae not observed; clamps present. On lower stipe: very similar to universal veil on pileus, with inflated cells largely co-parallel [longitudinally oriented per Bas (1969)], with filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae more predominant than on pileus and in larger fascicles than on pileus. |
| stipe context |
from protolog: longitudinally acrophysalidic; filamentous hyphae narrow to rather broad; acrophysalides scattered among chains of subcylindric to slenderly clavate inflated cells.
RET: longitudinally acrophysalidic; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 3.2 - 15.0 µm wide, branching, plentiful, with walls up to 0.8 µm thick, often constricted at septa, with walls sometimes yellowish; acrophysalides dominating, up to 155 × 30 µm or larger, with walls up to 1.0 µm thick; vascular hyphae not definitively identified; clamps common, prominent. |
| partial veil |
RET: filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.0 - 13.5 µm wide, thin-walled, frequently branching, dominating, dominantly subradially arranged, with narrower hyphae strongly fasciculate, with broader hyphae often constricted at septa, occasionally with partially inflated intercalary segments, infrequently with yellowish walls; inflated cells narrowly clavate to clavate (e.g., 98 × 15.5 µm and 43 × 16.0 µm), common, terminal, singly, thin-walled; vascular hyphae not observed; clamps plentiful and rather prominent. |
| lamella edge tissue |
not described. |
| basidiospores |
protolog: Bas (1969): [20/1/1] 7.0 - 9.0 (-9.5) × (4.5-) 5.5 - 7.0 μm, (Q = 1.15 - 1.50; Q = 1.30), colorless, smooth, thin-walled, amyloid, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid; apiculus moderately large, abrupt, sublateral and cylindric (both per figure); contents refractive, granular-guttulate; color in deposit not recorded.
composite of data from all material revised by RET: [77/5/1] (8.0-) 8.2 - 11.0 (-13.5) × 5.5 - 7.5 (-9.5) µm, (L = 8.9 - 9.7 µm; L' = 9.4 µm; W = 6.2 - 6.6 µm; W' = 6.4 µm; Q = (1.18-) 1.32 - 1.64 (-1.83); Q = 1.42 - 1.51; Q' = 1.46), hyaline, colorless, thin-walled, smooth, palely to moderately amyloid, ellipsoid, infrequently broadly ellipsoid, infrequently elongate; apiculus sublateral, cylindric, small; contents granular to monoguttulate (with or without additional small granules) to multiguttulate; color in deposit not recorded. |
| ecology |
from protolog: Gregarious to subgregarious. Texas: In open pasture without any nearby woody vegetation.
RET: Texas: In lawn of university campus. |
| material examined |
protolog: U.S.A.: TEXAS—Brazos Co. - College Station, 12.ix.1951 H. D. Thiers 1397 (holotype, MICH, n.v.; isotype, L, n.v.).
RET: U.S.A.: TEXAS—Brazos Co. - College Station, Texas A. & M. Univ. campus, 6.x.1957 H. D. Thiers 4630 (SFSU as "A. monticulosa," mixed collection including some A. subcaligata). |
| discussion |
from protolog: "In the two dried specimens at L the remnants of the volva on the cap are now paler than the surface of the cap.
"The volva of A. silvifuga is rather thin, breaking up into small, more or less conical and truncate-conical warts, and perhaps also patches, probably in early stages. These warts are adnate to the pileipellis and therefore become more or less flattened or even torn on expansion of the cap.
"The type collection of A. silvifuga was filed in MICH under the name A. monticulosa (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Sacc. However, this is a misapplication of that name, which belongs to a species of the A. gemmata-complex (Bas 1969: 567)."
"Because of the submembranous scales on the stem A. silvifuga suggests A. vittadinii and close allies. But the microscopical elements of the volva on the cap seem to have a more distinct erect-parallel arrangement than in those species. In this respect and because of the colour of the volva it more closely resembles A. ameghinoi and A. salmonea [=A. subcaligata—ed.]. The spores, however, are considerably smaller than in any of those species and are the same size as those in A. lilloi and A. singeri.
"It is remarkable that this should be the third species of subsection Vittadiniae colledted by H. D. Thiers in Brazos Co., Texas and known only from there. Once again this clearly reveals how little we yet know even about the mycoflora of a country with a relatively large number of active mycologists." [Note: The other taxa to which Bas is referring are A. salmonea (=A. subcaligata) and A. thiersii. In the subsequent four decades, A. thiersii has become recognized as widely distributed and is thought to be extending its range. And A. subcaligata appears to extend westward from Texas to California.—ed.]
———
In the following figure, sporograph comparisons are made between the present species, A. ameghinoi, and A. subcaligata:
In the following figures sporographs of the present species, A. lilloi, and A. singeri are compared:
Thiers 4630 was a mixed collection with the second component being A. subcaligata. The latter species can be distinguished by its having only a rudimentary subhymenial base of filamentous hyphae in a shallower subhymenial tree, a preponderance of partially inflated to inflated cells in the subhymenium, larger and proportionately broader spores, and a rather rapidly evanescent partial veil.
[Note: Should also discuss anticlinal orientation of universal veil in the two taxa....this might have an effect on a future key.—RET] |
| citations |
—R. E. Tulloss |
| editors |
RET |
|
Spore data sets and their composite