Amanita solitaria - Amanitaceae.org - Taxonomy and Morphology of Amanita and Limacella

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name	Amanita solitaria
name status	nomen acceptum
author	(Bull. : Fr.) Fr.
english name	"European Solitary Lepidella"
images	1. Amanita solitaria, Europe. 2. Amanita solitaria, lectotype from Bulliard's Herbier de la France. 3. Amanita solitaria, Čelákovice, Czech Republic. 4. Amanita solitaria, Čelákovice, Czech Republic. 5. Amanita solitaria, Čelákovice, Czech Republic. 6. Amanita solitaria, Čelákovice, Czech Republic.
cap	The cap of A. solitaria is (50-) 70 - 160 (-200) mm wide, globose at first, convex with expanding, soon plano-convex to flat with a slightly depressed center, dry to subviscid, with a nonsulcate, projecting, slightly appendiculate margin. The cap is dingy white to dingy cream to pale silvery gray to pale brownish gray especially near the center, with age sometimes becoming pale brownish straw yellow. The surface texture at the center can be subfelted and minutely fibrillose at the margin, later becoming smooth. The cap is usually decorated with small, whitish to concolorous to slightly darker gray, acute-conical to low conical, subfibrillose, adnate to subdetersile warts sometimes having what appears to be bits of spiderweb at the base.
gills	The gills are rather crowded, narrowly adnate to just free, broad, ventricose, and greenish cream-yellow. The short gills are subtruncate to more or less attenuate.
stem	The stem is (60-) 100 - 140 (-200) × (10-) 15 - 25 (-30) mm, rarely subcylindrical, pointed to rounded, solid, whitish to pale straw yellow, and annulate. The membranous, persistent annulus can be double as in A. cokeri (E.-J. Gilbert & Kühner) E.-J. Gilbert.
spores	The spores measure 9.0 - 12.0 (-14.5) × 6.0 - 8.0 (-11.5) µm and are amyloid and broadly ellipsoid to elongate. Clamps are present at bases of basidia.
discussion	This species is to be found in Europe, Western Asia, and Mediterranean Africa. According to Borovička (2006), the species often occurs co-located with A. strobiliformis (Paul. ex. Vitt.) Bertillon in association with Tilia in the Czech Republic. For a set of closely related taxa for comparison (species of Bas' stirps Solitaria), see A. cokeri. The most recent in-depth revision of A. solitaria is by Neville and Poumarat (1996). Concerning A. solitaria var. subbeillei Neville & Poumarat, see A. boudieri var. beillei (Beauseign.) Neville & Poumarat.—R. E. Tulloss
brief editors	RET

name

Amanita solitaria

author

(Bull. : Fr.) Fr. 28 May 1836a. Anteckningar Sverige växande ätliga Svampar 5: 33. [Per Pennycook (2003: 121).]

name status

nomen acceptum

english name

"European Solitary Lepidella"

synonyms

≡Agaricus solitarius Bull. 1780-1781. Herb. France 1: pl. 48.

≡Agaricus solitarius Bull. : Fr. 1821. Syst. Mycol. 1: 17.

≡[Agaricus] "Amanita" solitaria (Bull. : Fr.) Secr. comb. inval. 1833. Mycogr. Suisse 1: 14, no. 12. [Publication in designated rank of suppressed work. ICBN §32.8, App. V]

≡Amanita solitaria Mérat nom. illeg. 25 July - 6 August 1836. Nouv. Fl. Envir. Paris, 4^me ed. 1: 121. [Replacement for validly published name. ICBN §52.1]

≡Venenarius solitarius (Bull. : Fr.) Murrill. 1912. Mycologia 4: 240.

≡Aspidella solitaria (Bull. : Fr.) E.-J. Gilbert. 1940. Iconogr. Mycol. (Milan) 27, suppl. 1 (1): 79, tab. 58 (figs. 3-5).

non Amanita solitaria Gonn. & Rabenh. [??=Amanita verna.]

≡Amanita procera Pers. nom. illeg. 1818. Trait. Champ. Comest.: 186. [Replacement for validly published name. ICBN §52.1]

non Amanita procera (Scop. : Fr.) Fr. nom. inval. 1836a. Anteckningar Sverige växande ätliga Svamp.: 33. [per Pennycook (2003: 120.] [Posterior homonym. ICBN §53.1]

≡Agaricus procerus Scop. 1772. Fl. Carniola 2: 418.

≡Agaricus procerus Scop. : Fr. 1821. Syst. Mycol. 1: 20.

≡Lepiota procera (Scop. : Fr.) P. Kumm. 1871. Führer Pilzk.: 135.

≡Lepiotophyllum procerum (Scop. : Fr.) Locq. 1942. Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Lyon 11: 40.

≡Macrolepiota procera (Scop. : Fr.) Singer. 1946. Papers Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts Letters 32: 141.

=Agaricus aculeatus Vitt. 1832. Descr. Funghi Manger.: 62.

non Agaricus aculeatus Vitt. 1835. Descr. Funghi Manger.: 348.

non Amanita aculeata (Quél.) Bigeard & Guill. [See below.]

=Amanita strobiliformis var. aculeata Quél. 1886. Enchir. Fung.: 3.

≡Amanita strobiliformis subsp. aculeata (Quél.) Sacc. 1887. Syll. Fung. 5: 15.

≡Amanita aculeata (Quél.) Bigeard & Guill. 1913. Fl. Champ. Supér. France: 44.

non Agaricus aculeatus Vitt. 1832. Descr. Funghi Manger.: 62.

=Agaricus echinocephalus Vitt. 1835. Descr. Funghi Manger.: 346. [Name change of Hypophyllum tricuspidatum.]

≡Amanita echinocephala (Vitt.) Quél. 1872. Mém. Soc. Emul. Montbéliard 2(5): 321.

≡Lepiota echinocephala (Vitt.) Gillet. 1874. Champ. (Hyménomyc.) Croiss. France: 69.

≡Amanita echinocephala (Vitt.) Gillet. 1884 (February). Tabl. Anal. Hyménomyc.: 7. [Superfluous combination.]

≡Lepidella echinocephala (Vitt.) E.-J. Gilbert. 1925. Bull. Trimestriel Soc. Mycol. France 41: 304.

≡Aspidella echinocephala (Vitt.) E.-J. Gilbert. 1940. Iconogr. Mycol. (Milan) 27, suppl. 1 (1): 79.

≡Armillaria echinocephala (Vitt.) Locq. 1952. Bull. Trimestriel Soc. Mycol. France 68: 167.

≡Amanita umbella var. echinocephala (Vitt.) Quél. 1886. Ench. Fung.: 4.

≡Amanita vittadinii var. echinocephala (Vitt.) Veselý. 1933. Ann. Mycol. 31(4): 285.

≡Fungus tricuspidatus Paulet nom. inval. 1793. Trait. Champ. Comest. 2: index [7].

≡Hypophyllum tricuspidatum Paulet nom. inval. 1812-1835. Iconogr. Champ.: pl. 163 (fig. 3). [Devalidated name. The name Amanita Pers. is conserved against Amanita Boehm. of which Hypophylum is an isonym. (Donk. 1962. Beih. Nova Hedwigia 5: 145.)]

=Amanita echinocephala var. bicollariata Boud. 1904. Iconogr. Mycol. 3(11): pl. 298.

≡Amanita umbella var. echinocephala f. bicollariata (Boud.) E.-J. Gilbert. 1918. Gen. Amanita Pers.: 101.

≡Lepidella echinocephala f. bicollariata (Boud.) Konrad & Maubl. 1926. Icon. Select. Fung. 1(2): 38??.

≡Amanita solitaria subf. bicollariata (Boud.) Neville & Poumarat. 1996. Doc. Mycol. 26(101): 68.

??=Amanita flandinia Plée. 1844-64. Types Fam. Genres Pl. France 2:(57): [93], pl. 12.

The editors of this site owe a great debt to Dr. Cornelis Bas whose famous cigar box files of Amanita nomenclatural information gathered over three or more decades were made available to RET for computerization and make up the lion's share of the nomenclatural information presented on this site.

MycoBank nos.

154194, 148216, 495474, 284332, 495108, 211344, 461720, 520266, 504595, 263721, 281963, 284322, 292694, 137290, 355837, 508868

GenBank nos.

Due to delays in data processing at GenBank, some accession numbers may lead to unreleased (pending) pages. These pages will eventually be made live, so try again later.

accession	locus	voucher	source



AY436475	nrITS (partial)	(HKAS 31459)	Zhang et al. (2004), Key Lab. Biodivers. Biogeogr., Kunming Inst. Bot., Yunnan, China
HQ539741	nrLSU	29.viii.1999 Francis Massart 99023 (in herb. F. Massart; RET 298-1)	B. Wolfe et al., Pringle Lab., Harvard
HQ539845	nrSSU	29.viii.1999 Francis Massart 99023 (in herb. F. Massart; RET 298-1)	B. Wolfe et al., Pringle Lab., Harvard
HQ539952	mtSSU	29.viii.1999 Francis Massart 99023 (in herb. F. Massart; RET 298-1)	B. Wolfe et al., Pringle Lab., Harvard
HQ540052	mtLSU	29.viii.1999 Francis Massart 99023 (in herb. F. Massart; RET 298-1)	B. Wolfe et al., Pringle Lab., Harvard
MK277567	nrLSU	23.vii.2009 Josef Kadeřávek s.n. [Borovička BORE 40] (RET 455-3)	L. Nagy, Agaricales Diversification, Szeged Univ.

lectotypes

Agaricus solitarius & Amanita procera—Bulliard. 1780. Herb. France: pl. 48.
Fungus tricuspidatus & Amanita echinocephala—Paulet. 1812-1835. Iconogr. Champ.: pl. 163 (fig. 3).
Amanita strobiliformis var. aculeata—Quélet. 1872. Mém. Soc. Emul. Montbéliard II 5: pl. 1, fig. 1.

lectotypifications

Agaricus solitarius, Agaricus echinocephalus, Amanita procera, Fungus tricuspidatus, & Amanita strobiliformis var. aculeata—Bas. 1969. Persoonia 5: 394.

revisions

Bas. 1969. Persoonia 5: 394, figs. 102-106.
Neville and Poumarat. 1996 Doc. Mycol. 26(101): 42.

selected illustrations

Neville and Poumarat. 1995. Bull. Semestriel Féd. Assoc. Mycol. Médit. 7-8: figs. 6-8.

intro

The following text may make multiple use of each data field.

The field may contain magenta text presenting data from a type study and/or revision of other original material cited in the protolog of the present taxon. Macroscopic descriptions in magenta are a combination of data from the protolog and additional observations made on the exiccata during revision of the cited original material.

The same field may also contain black text, which is data from a revision of the present taxon (including non-type material and/or material not cited in the protolog). Paragraphs of black text will be labeled if further subdivision of this text is appropriate.

Olive text indicates a specimen that has not been thoroughly examined (for example, for microscopic details) and marks other places in the text where data is missing or uncertain.

The following material is derived from the revision of Bas (1969).

Bas (1969): Basidiomes medium to very large.

pileus

Bas (1969): (50-) 70 - 160 (-200) mm wide, sordid white to sordid cream to pale silvery gray to pale brownish gray especially toward center (sometimes with slightly greenish tinge), with age sometimes becoming pale brownish straw yellow, globose at first, convex when expanding, soon plano-convex to planar with slightly depressed disc, having subfelted appearance over disc to minutely fibrillose toward margin, becoming smooth in age, dry to subviscid; context rather firm, white except cream just below pileipellis; margin nonstriate, slightly appendiculate in young material, projecting; universal veil usually as small warts, 0.5 to 3 mm high, whitish to concolorous with pileus surface or slightly darker gray, acute-conic to low conic, subfibrillose, adnate to subdetersile, sometimes becoming small scattered flocculent fragments toward margin or completely washed away by rains.

lamellae

Bas (1969): narrowly adnate to barely free, sometimes with decurrent lines at top of stem, rather crowded, greenish cream-yellow (Séquy 220) in side view, with age becoming brownish straw yello, up to about 15 mm broad, ventricose, with whitish minutely granular edge; lamellulae subtruncate to more or less attenuate, often with proximal part of edge very irregular.

stipe

Bas (1969): (60-) 100 - 140 (-200) × (10-) 15 - 25 (-30) mm, whitish to pale straw yellow, darker yellow spots at base, usually narrowing upward, sometimes subcylindric, longitudinally sulcate-striate above partial veil, appressed fibrillose to fibrillose-subsquamulose below; bulb clavate to clavate-fusiform to fusiform to napiform, pointed to rounded, up to 60 × 40 mm, often with more or less concentric rows of scales (ascending. appressed or recurved, rather thick, up to 3 mm wide) on upper part, sometimes simply squamulose; context solid, white, rather firm; partial veil pendent, subfelted-membranous, apical to subapical, up to 25 mm broad, white when young, straw yellow with age, striate above, fibrillose to cottony with with thick warts along the edge below; universal veil [probably to be found on tips of scales on bulb—ed.].

odor/taste

Bas (1969): Odor "moderately strong, unpleasant, subraphanoid with chemical component." Taste indistinct.

macrochemical
tests

none recorded.

pileipellis

Bas (1969): not or slightly gelatinized near surface; filamentous hyphae 2 - 8 μm wide, interwoven to subradially arranged, colorless to pale brown.

pileus context

not described.

lamella trama

Bas (1969): bilateral[, divergent], without terminal inflated cells.

subhymenium

Bas (1969): ramose or with irregularly inflated cells.

basidia

Bas (1969): 40 - 60 × 11 - 13 μm, usually 4-sterigmate, sometimes 1-, 2-, or 3-sterigmate; clamps present.

universal veil

Bas (1969): On pileus: with elements more or less anticlinally arranged, dingy yellowish to pale yellow-brown in alkaline solution, sometimes with distinct brownish intracellular pigment; filamentous hyphae parallel, rare to rather abundant, most abundant in base of warts; inflated cells abundant, in parallel chains, mainly ellipsoid to clavate (most abundant in tops of warts), also subglobose or elongate or irregular, up to 110 × 60 μm; vascular hyphae scattered to rather abundant.

stipe context

Bas (1969): longitudinally acrophysalidic; filamentous hyphae 2 - 10 μm wide, yellowish to deep golden yellow in alkaline solution; acrophysalides abundant, up to 400 × 60 μm; vascular hyphae scattered to abundant.

partial veil

not described.

lamella edge tissue

Bas (1969): filamentous hyphae 4 - 12 μm wide; inflated cells in tufts, slenderly to broadly clavate, pyriform, or irregularly shaped.

RET: sterile.

basidiospores

send to graphing tool

Bas (1969): [110/10/-] 9.0 - 12.0 (-14.5) × 6.0 - 8.0 (-11.5) μm, (Q = 1.25 - 2.0; Q = 1.30 - 1.75), hyaline, colorless, thin-walled, amyloid, ellipsoid to elongate, infrequently broadly ellipsoid, infrequently cylindric; apiculus not described; contents subgranular, somewhat refractive; white to cream with greenish tint in deposit when fresh, dingy cream without greenish tint when dry (slightly more cream yellow than 5Y 8/4).

composite of all material revised by CRC: [40/2/2] (8.5-) 9.0 - 10.5 (-11.0) × (5.0-) 6.0 - 7.8 (-8.0) μm, (L = 9.9 μm; L' = 9.9 μm; W = 6.7 - 7.4 μm; W' = 7.1 μm; Q = 1.25 - 1.59 (-1.73); Q = 1.33 - 1.48; Q' = 1.40), ??, amyloid, ellipsoid to elongate, infrequently broadly ellipsoid, adaxially flattened; apiculus ??; contents granular and/or mono- to (infrequently) multi-guttulate; color in deposit not recorded.

ecology

Bas (1969): Solitary to gregarious. Terrestrial in woods on heavy calcareous or neutral soils in Europe, except the northern part, with preference for alluvial soils, fruiting especially in warm, dry summers.

Czech Republic: In a garden near Betula, Fagus, Picea, and Tilia. Switzerland: At 450^- - 500⁺ m. Under Picea, Abies, and Fagus or under Fagus and Picea.

material examined

Bas (1969): AUSTRIA: Ca. Vienna, s.d. Hagenbrünn s.n. (PR). CROATIA: Dalmatian Islands, Isl. Ugljan, 25.xi.1964 M. Tortič s.n. (fragments in L). CZECH REPUBLIC: CENTRAL BOHEMIAN REGION—Karlštejn, 5.ix.1952 S. Indelka s.n. (PR). ÚSTÍ NAD LABEM REGION—Libochovice nad Ohři, 19.ix.1961 Z. Neubauer s.n. (PR). FRANCE: OISE—Orry-la-Ville, viii.1949 H. Romagnesi s.n. (S). PYRÉNÉES ORIENTALES—ca. Perpignan, 11.xi.1966 A. Marchand s.n. (L). ITALY: TRENTO—Vela, NW of Trento, vi.1901 G. Bresadola s.n. (S). TUSCANY—Isl. Elba - Porteferraio, x.1913 Gabari s.n. (S). NETHERLANDS: UTRECHT—Utrecht, 31.viii.1953 C. Bas 150 (L), 18.ix.1953 C. Bas 206 (L); Zeist, 17.ix.1953 O. F. Uffelie et al. (in herb. Uffelie). SLOVAKIA: Saudorf ca. Bratislava, 12.ix.1948 F. Drascla s.n. (PR). U.K.: ENGLAND—Surrey - Horseley, 6.ix.1953 R. W. G. Dennis s.n. (L).

Zhang et al. (2004) voucher for sequencing: GERMANY: UNKN. STATE—unkn. loc., s.d. unkn. coll. s.n. (HKAS 31459).

RET: CZECH REPUBLIC: CENTRAL BOHEMIAN REGION—Čelákovice, 23.vii.2009 Josef Kadeřávek s.n. [Borovička BORE 40] (PRM 915810; RET 455-3). FRANCE: GIRONDE—Madirac, 29.viii.1999 Francis Massart 99023 (in herb. F. Massart; RET 298-1). SWITZERLAND: ZÜRICH—Zürich, 25.viii.1991 Carmine Lavorato 910825--- (in herb. C. Lavorato; RET 033-5), 20.x.1991 C. Lavorato 910927-23 (in herb. C. Lavorato; RET 036-5), 10.ix.1992 C. Lavorato 920910-02 (in herb. C. Lavorato; RET 079-3).

citations

—R. E. Tulloss and C. Rodríguez Caycedo

editors

RET

Information to support the viewer in reading the content of "technical" tabs can be found here.

name	Amanita solitaria
name status	nomen acceptum
author	(Bull. : Fr.) Fr.
english name	"European Solitary Lepidella"
images	1. Amanita solitaria, Europe. 2. Amanita solitaria, lectotype from Bulliard's Herbier de la France. 3. Amanita solitaria, Čelákovice, Czech Republic. 4. Amanita solitaria, Čelákovice, Czech Republic. 5. Amanita solitaria, Čelákovice, Czech Republic. 6. Amanita solitaria, Čelákovice, Czech Republic.
photo	Dr. Jan Borovička - (3-6) Čelákovice, the Czech Republic.
historic plates	Bulliard - (2) plate 48 from Herbier de la France. Source: http://www.archive.org/stream/herbierdelafranc148bull#page/96/mode/2up
drawing	Dr. Cornelis Bas (1969) - (1) Europe, reproduced by courtesy of Persoonia, Leiden, the Netherlands.

name	Amanita solitaria
bottom links	[ Keys & Checklists ] [ Subsaharan List ]

name	Amanita solitaria
bottom links	[ Keys & Checklists ] [ Subsaharan List ]

Spore data for collections
provisionally identified as: Amanita solitaria (Bull. : Fr.) Fr.

Spore data sets and their composite

Each spore data set is intended to comprise a set of measurements from a single specimen made by a single observer; and explanations prepared for this site talk about specimen-observer pairs associated with each data set. Combining more data into a single data set is non-optimal because it obscures observer differences (which may be valuable for instructional purposes, for example) and may obscure instances in which a single collection inadvertently contains a mixture of taxa.

basidiospore definition

Spore Measurements by Collection

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