Amanita amerivirosa

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name	Amanita amerivirosa
name status	nomen acceptum
author	Tulloss, Kudzma & M. A. Tulloss
english name	"North American Destroying Angel"
images	1. Amanita amerivirosa, KOH+ spot test, poisoning case, Queenbury, Warren Co., New York, U.S.A.. RET 492-10 2. Amanita amerivirosa, Stuckless Pond, Lomond, Isl. of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. RET 384-6.
intro	For the time being, for more information, please refer to the technical tab of this page. This is one of the white taxa of the Phalloideae which reacts to a drop of a strong base (e.g., 10%KOH) on the cap by turning bright yellow.
odor/taste	There is no odor in young material. Old material may become sickeningly sweet (like carrion) as do other "destroying angels" and A. phalloides. This species is deadly POISONOUS.
spores	The spores of A. amerivirosa measure (8.4-) 9.0 - 11.0 (-12.6) × (7.5-) 8.0 - 10.2 (-11.6) μm and are globose to subglobosed and occasionally broadly ellilpsoid; they are amyloid. There are no clamps at the bases of basidia.
discussion	This page will be home to a robust taxon of the white, "destroying angels" of eastern North America. At various times in the past 40 years this species has been incorrectly treated under the names "A. virosa" and "A. bisporigera." Genetic studies have revealed that this mushroom is a distinct species. POISONOUS: This species is known to contain amatoxins and is the cause of a recent, serious poisoning in New York state (Yarze et al. 2012). The presently known northeasterly limit of distribution of this species is the Island of Newfoundland.—R. E. Tulloss
brief editors	RET

name

Amanita amerivirosa

author

Tulloss, Kudzma & M. Tulloss in Tulloss, Kudzma, M. Tulloss & Rockefeller. 2021. Amanitaceae 1(4): 1.

name status

nomen acceptum

english name

"North American Destroying Angel"

MycoBank nos.

558157

GenBank nos.

Due to delays in data processing at GenBank, some accession numbers may lead to unreleased (pending) pages. These pages will eventually be made live, so try again later.

accession	locus	voucher	source



KJ466396	nrITS	2.ix.2002 Andrus Voitk s.n. (HKAS 77812; RET 327-10)	Q. Cai et al. (2014), Kunming Inst. Bot., Yunnan, China
KJ466397	nrITS	21.viii.2003 Andrus Voitk #5 (HKAS 77813; RET 368-8)	Q. Cai et al. (2014), Kunming Inst. Bot., Yunnan, China
KJ466398	nrITS	21.x.2006 R. E. Tulloss 10-21-06-G (HKAS 77814; RET 397-8)	Q. Cai et al. (2014), Kunming Inst. Bot., Yunnan, China
KJ466399	nrITS	12.viii.2011 Jean Hopkins s.n. [Tulloss 8-12-11-I] (HKAS 77817; RET 480-1)	Q. Cai et al. (2014), Kunming Inst. Bot., Yunnan, China
KJ466458	nrLSU	2.ix.2002 Andrus Voitk s.n. (HKAS 77812; RET 327-10)	Q. Cai et al. (2014), Kunming Inst. Bot., Yunnan, China
KJ466459	nrLSU	21.viii.2003 Andrus Voitk #5 (HKAS 77813; RET 368-8)	Q. Cai et al. (2014), Kunming Inst. Bot., Yunnan, China
KJ466460	nrLSU	21.x.2006 R. E. Tulloss 10-21-06-G (HKAS 77814; RET 397-8)	Q. Cai et al. (2014), Kunming Inst. Bot., Yunnan, China
KJ466461	nrLSU	12.viii.2011 Jean Hopkins s.n. [Tulloss 8-12-11-I] (HKAS 77817; RET 480-1)	Q. Cai et al. (2014), Kunming Inst. Bot., Yunnan, China
KJ466541	beta-tubulin	2.ix.2002 Andrus Voitk s.n. (HKAS 77812; RET 327-10)	Q. Cai et al. (2014), Kunming Inst. Bot., Yunnan, China
KJ466542	beta-tubulin	21.viii.2003 Andrus Voitk #5 (HKAS 77813; RET 368-8)	Q. Cai et al. (2014), Kunming Inst. Bot., Yunnan, China
KJ466543	beta-tubulin	21.x.2006 R. E. Tulloss 10-21-06-G (HKAS 77814; RET 397-8)	Q. Cai et al. (2014), Kunming Inst. Bot., Yunnan, China
KJ466544	beta-tubulin	12.viii.2011 Jean Hopkins s.n. [Tulloss 8-12-11-I] (HKAS 77817; RET 480-1)	Q. Cai et al. (2014), Kunming Inst. Bot., Yunnan, China
KJ466629	rpb2	21.x.2006 R. E. Tulloss 10-21-06-G (HKAS 77814; RET 397-8)	Q. Cai et al. (2014), Kunming Inst. Bot., Yunnan, China
KJ466630	rpb2	12.viii.2011 Jean Hopkins s.n. [Tulloss 8-12-11-I] (HKAS 77817; RET 480-1)	Q. Cai et al. (2014), Kunming Inst. Bot., Yunnan, China
KJ481962	tef1	2.ix.2002 Andrus Voitk s.n. (HKAS 77812; RET 327-10)	Q. Cai et al. (2014), Kunming Inst. Bot., Yunnan, China
KJ481963	tef1	21.viii.2003 Andrus Voitk #5 (HKAS 77813; RET 368-8)	Q. Cai et al. (2014), Kunming Inst. Bot., Yunnan, China
KJ481964	tef1	21.x.2006 R. E. Tulloss 10-21-06-G (HKAS 77814; RET 397-8)	Q. Cai et al. (2014), Kunming Inst. Bot., Yunnan, China
KJ481965	tef1	12.viii.2011 Jean Hopkins s.n. [Tulloss 8-12-11-I] (HKAS 77817; RET 480-1)	Q. Cai et al. (2014), Kunming Inst. Bot., Yunnan, China
KX868057	nrITS	4.x.2011 Dr. Joseph Yarze s.n. [Tulloss "A" & "B"] (RET 492-10)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KX868058	nrITS (partial)	8.viii.2014 Connie Borodenko s.n. [Tulloss 8-8-14-B] (RET 626-2)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KX868059	nrITS	8.viii.2014 Garrett Taylor s.n. [Tulloss 8-8-14-C] (RET 633-3)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KX868060	nrLSU	8.viii.2014 Garrett Taylor s.n. [Tulloss 8-8-14-C] (RET 633-3)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KY924826	nrLSU	9.viii.2014 Robert Gorgulius s.n. [Tulloss 8-9-14-I] (RET 628-2)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KY924827	nrLSU	17.x.2014 Alan & Arlene Bessette 1336 (RET 659-1)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KY924828	nrITS	9.viii.2014 Robert Gorgulius s.n. [Tulloss 8-9-14-I] (RET 628-2)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
KY924829	nrITS	17.x.2014 Alan & Arlene Bessette 1336 (RET 659-1)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MG966279	nrLSU	29.viii.2014 L. Leonard & D. Small s.n. [Tulloss 8-29-14-E] (RET 636-4)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MG966280	nrLSU	29.viii.2014 L. Leonard s.n. [Tulloss 8-29-14-B] (RET 636-8)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MG966281	nrLSU	17.x.2014 Alan & Arlene Bessette 1335 (RET 668-4)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MG966419	nrITS	29.viii.2014 L. Leonard & D. Small s.n. [Tulloss 8-29-14-E] (RET 636-4)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MG966420	nrITS	26.viii.2014 L. Leonard s.n. [Tulloss 8-26-14-B] (RET 636-6)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MG966421	nrITS	29.viii.2014 L. Leonard s.n. [Tulloss 8-29-14-B] (RET 636-8)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MG978994	nrITS	17.x.2014 Alan & Arlene Bessette 1335 (RET 668-4)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MW594403	nrITS	LVK 19180	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MW599309	nrITS	LVK18319	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MW599310	nrLSU	LVK18319	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MW602464	rpb2	LVK18319	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MW741814	nrLSU	LVK 19180	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MW759807	rpb2	LVK 19180	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MW759808	rpb1	LVK 19180	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MW811447	nrITS	6.ix.2015 Ricky Resciniti s.n. (RET 714-3)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MW811448	nrITS	12.ix.2020 Andrew Khitsun s.n. (RET 895-2)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MW811449	nrITS	16.viii.1985 George Waitkins s.n. [Tulloss 8-16-85-A] (RET 100-9)	Alan Rockefeller, El Cerrito, CA
MW811450	nrITS	10.ix.1993 Cornelius Hogenbirk s.n. (RET 104-5)	Alan Rockefeller, El Cerrito, CA
MW817630	nrITS	(RET 383-10)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MW817631	nrITS	25.ix.2016 Michaeline Mulvey s.n. (RET 739-2)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MW817632	nrITS	21.viii.1987 R. E. Tulloss 8-21-87-F (RET 006-7)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MW817633	nrITS	23.ix.2016 M. K. & R. E. Tulloss 9-23-16-F (RET 735-5)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MW818190	nrLSU	25.ix.2016 Michaeline Mulvey s.n. (RET 739-2)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MW818191	nrLSU	12.ix.2020 Andrew Khitsun s.n. (RET 895-2)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MW818440	nrLU	23.ix.2016 M. K. & R. E. Tulloss 9-23-16-F (RET 735-5)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MW818441	nrLSU	6.ix.2015 Ricky Resciniti s.n. (RET 714-3)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MW819856	nrITS-LSU	25.ix.2016 Michaeline Mulvey s.n. (RET 739-6)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ
MW819857	nrITS-LSU	28.viii.2010 Eric Smith s.n. (RET 481-5)	L. V. Kudzma, Annandale, NJ

intro

Olive text indicates a specimen that has not been thoroughly examined (for example, for microscopic details) and marks other places in the text where data is missing or uncertain.

The following material is based on a genetic study by Cai et al. (2014) and original research of R. E. Tulloss.

pileus

105 - 160^± mm wide, white, rounded-campanulate at first, becoming convex then plano-convex, matte when moist, shiny when dry, ??; context white, unchanging, 10^± mm thick at stipe. thinning ?? to margin; margin nonstriate, decurved from early development and remaning so during expansion; universal veil absent.

lamellae

narrowly adnate without decurrent line on stipe, crowded, cream in mass, white to yellowish white to pale yellow (4A2-3) in side view without staining or bruising reaction, 7 - 14 mm broad, ??; lamellulae subattenuate to attenuate (longer ones) to rounded truncate (shorter ones), of diverse lengths, ??plentiful.

stipe

138 - 200 × 18 - 20 mm, white, narrowing upward, with small white recurved fibers on upper half; bulb 18 - 42 × 39 - 57 mm, white, soft, compressible; context white, ??, with central cylinder up to 9 mm wide; partial veil ??, membranous; universal veil limbate, thin, membranous, smooth, persistent, white on inner and outer surfaces, with some yellowish brown bruising, 5.8^- - 67 mm from bottom of bulb to highest point on limb, 1^± mm thick at midheight of limb, ??.

odor/taste

neither recorded.

macrochemical
tests

10% KOH - bright yellow on pileipellis and stipe surface; paler yellow on partial veil and stipe context. Test vouchers: J. Yarze s.n and Tulloss 8-8-14-B, 8-8-14-C, 8-26-14-A.

POISONOUS: The species is documented to be the cause of an apparent amatoxin poisoning (Yarze and Tulloss 2012). [Note: RET identified the material at the time as A. bisporigera; however, DNA sequencing by Cai et al. (2014) demonstrated otherwise.—ed.]

lamella trama

bilateral, divergent; ??

subhymenium

pseudoparenchymatous (cellular), ??

basidia

36 - 49 × 9.0 - 15.0 μm, 4-sterigmate, with sterigmata up to 6.2 × 2.8 μm, with basidia arising from inflated cells; clamps not observed.

universal veil

On pileus: usually absent. On stipe base: ??.

stipe context

longitudinally acrophysalidic; ??

lamella edge tissue

sterile.

basidiospores

send to graphing tool

[221/11/11] (7.3-) 8.2 - 10.9 (-12.8) × (7.0-) 7.6 - 10.0 (-11.9) μm, (L = 8 .5 - 10.0 μm; L' = 9.6 μm; W = 7.9 - 9.3 μm; W' = 8.9 μm; Q = (1.0-) 1.03 - 1.22 (-1.37); Q = 1.05 - 1.11; Q' = 1.09), colorless, hyaline, thin-walled, smooth, strongly amyloid, globose to subglobose to infrequently broadly ellipsoid, at least slightly flattened adaxially, with some immature spores elongate-lachrymoid (rarely in position to be measured); apiculus sublateral, cylindric; contents granular or mono- to multiguttulate with or without additional small granules; white in deposit.

ecology

Singly or in small groups. Maine, in mixed forest with Tsuga canadensis, Abies, Betula, Quercus, and Acer. Georgia: In sandy soil with Quercus and Pinus. New Jersey: At southeast border of Pinus strobus plantation. New York: At ca. 500 m elev. In Abies-Picea forest. Island of Newfoundland, Canada: In Betula-dominated forest.

material examined

CANADA: NEW BRUNSWICK—Charlotte Co. - Campobello Isl., Herring Cove Prov. Pk., ca. Fireside Restaurant, green tr. by pond, 23.ix.2016 M. K. & R. E. Tulloss 9-23-16-F (RET 735-5), tr. ro Gibraltar Rock (red tr.), 25.ix.2016 Michaeline Mulvey s.n. [Tulloss9-25-16-E] (RET 739-2, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.), s.n. [Tulloss 9-25-16-N] (RET 739-6, nrITS-LSU seq'd.). NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR—Island of Newfoundland - GMNP, Lower Green Gardens Trail, 21.viii.2003 Andrus Voitk #5 (HKAS 77813, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.; RET 368-8); GMNP, Lower Green Gardens Trail, ca. Woody Point, ca. Wallace Brook [ca. 49°30’ N/ 58°02’ W], 2.ix.2002 Andrus Voitk s.n. (HKAS 77812, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd; RET 327-10); Lomond, Stuckless Pond, 14.ix.2004 Maria Voitk s.n. [Tulloss 9-14-04-B] (RET 384-6). U.S.A.: GEORGIA—McIntosh Co. - Harris Neck Wildlife Refuge, 17.x.2014 Alan & Arlene Bessette 1335 (RET 668-4, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.), 1336 (RET 659-1, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd). MAINE—Sagadahoc Co. - Phippsburg, Center Pond Preserve, 8.viii.2014 Connie Borodenko s.n. [Tulloss 8-8-14-B] (RET 626-2, nrITS fragm. & nrLSU fragm. seq'd.), Garrett Taylor s.n. [Tulloss 8-8-14-C] (RET 633-3; nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.); Topsham, Cathance River Preserve, 9.viii.2014 Robert Gorgulius s.n. [Tulloss 8-9-14-I] (RET 628-2, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.). Washington Co. - Steuben, Eagle Hill Inst., ca. lodge, 26.viii.2014 Delmar Small DS02 [Tulloss 8-26-14-A] (RET 636-3, nrLSU seq'd.); Steuben, Eagle Hill Inst., Red Tr., 26.viii.2014 L. Leonard s.n. [Tulloss 8-26-14-B] (RET 636-6, nrITS seq'd.), 29.viii.2014 L. Leonard s.n. [Tulloss 8-29-14-B] (RET 636-8, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.); L. Leonard & D. Small s.n. [Tulloss 8-29-14-E] (RET 636-4, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.). NEW JERSEY—Cape May Co. - Belleplain St. For., Jakes Landing Rd. [39.1892° N/ 74.8531°, 3 m], 21.x.2006 R. E. Tulloss 10-21-06-G (HKAS 77814, nrITS & nrLSU, seq'd.; RET 397-8). Ocean Co. - Waretown, Hogenbirk prop., 10.ix.1993 Cornelius Hogenbirk s.n. (RET 104-5). NEW YORK—Essex Co. - 1.7 km S of Dix Mtn. Wilderness Area, Elk Lake Preserve Easement, Red Foot Tr., 6.ix.2015 Ricky Resciniti s.n. (RET 714-3, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.). Franklin Co. - Brighton, Barnum Brook/Boreal Life Trail [44°26’57” N/ 74°15’52” W, 504 m], 12.viii.2011 Jean Hopkins s.n. [Tulloss 8-12-11-I] (HKAS 77817, nrITS & nrLSU seq'd.; RET 480-1); Paul Smith's, 21.viii.1987 R. E. Tulloss 8-21-87-F (RET 006-7, nrITS seq'd.). Oneida Co. - unkn. loc., 28.viii.2010 Eric Smith s.n. [mushroomobserver #51543] (RET 481-5, nrITS-LSU seq'd.). Otsego Co. - N of Maryland, College Camp, 16.viii.1985 George Waitkins s.n. [Tulloss 8-16-85-A] (RET 100-9). Warren Co. - Queenbury, S of Queen Mary Drive [43°18’44” N/ 73°42’00” W, 126 m], 4.x.2011 Dr. Joseph Yarze s.n. [Tulloss "A" & "B"] (RET 492-10, nrITS seq'd.). WISCONSIN—Sawyer Co. - Wilson Lake Natural Area [46.1446º N/ 91.1165º W, 451 m], 12.ix.2020 Andrew Khitsun s.n. [mushroomobserver #427742] (RET 895-2, nrITS & LSU seq'd.).

discussion

The present taxon is genetically distinguishable from other white species of Amanita section Phalloideae. For example, see the discussion on the technical tab of A. bisporigera. It appears that spore size-shape may distinguish some of the North American taxa in this group from the present species; however, it appears that spore-size shape will not distinguish the present taxon from A. helmettensis

The impression that the present species has (at least in part) a northern distribution is additionally supported by two very good nBLAST matches in GenBank (KJ638289 and KJ638290) both from the Province of Québec, Canada.

Spore size-shape can help distinguish this taxon from other relatively common white "destroying angels." Spore size-shape appears not to be much help in separating the present taxon from A. helmettensis. Comparisons of sporographs follow. Amanita suballiacea is distinguishable because its average spore is broadly ellipsoid rather than subglobose:

The set of eastern North American white "destroying angels" with average spores subglobose poses more of a problem, an immature specimen of one species may have spores suggesting the mature spores of another; and the over-mature spores of one may be similar to the mature spores of another. Larger samples of spore size-shape data (as in a sporograph) can distinguish most pairs of taxa except the present taxon and A. helmettensis. A. bisporigera stands out by having plentiful 2-, and some 1- and 3-sterimate basidia. However, some 2-sterigmate basidia may be present in immature specimens of the other taxa mentioned in this discussion.

In the cases of all probable taxa cited above, more morphological data is being accumulated.

During development of this page, the taxon was given the code name "Amanita sp-bisporigera04."

Cai et al. (2014) called the present taxon "Amanita sp. 1 Yang 2014."

Despite the large sizes of the basidiomes, the material of both RET 492-10 and RET 636-3 are immature.

citations

—R. E. Tulloss, Q. Cai, L. V. Kudzma and K. W. Hughes

editors

RET

Information to support the viewer in reading the content of "technical" tabs can be found here.

name	Amanita amerivirosa
name status	nomen acceptum
author	Tulloss, Kudzma & M. A. Tulloss
english name	"North American Destroying Angel"
images	1. Amanita amerivirosa, KOH+ spot test, poisoning case, Queenbury, Warren Co., New York, U.S.A.. RET 492-10 2. Amanita amerivirosa, Stuckless Pond, Lomond, Isl. of Newfoundland, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada. RET 384-6.
photo	RET - (1) Queenbury, Warren County, New York, U.S.A. (RET 492-10) (2) Stuckless Pond, Lomond, Island of Newfoundland, Newfoundland & Labrador, Canada. (RET 384-6)

name	Amanita amerivirosa

name	Amanita amerivirosa

Spore data for collections
provisionally identified as: Amanita amerivirosa Tulloss, Kudzma & M. A. Tulloss

Spore data sets and their composite

Each spore data set is intended to comprise a set of measurements from a single specimen made by a single observer; and explanations prepared for this site talk about specimen-observer pairs associated with each data set. Combining more data into a single data set is non-optimal because it obscures observer differences (which may be valuable for instructional purposes, for example) and may obscure instances in which a single collection inadvertently contains a mixture of taxa.

basidiospore definition

Spore Measurements by Collection

[top]

infrasp. taxa, subjunquillea
2

stirps Hesleri
3

stirps Levistriata
4

Spore Measurements by Collection

infrasp. taxa, subjunquillea2

stirps Hesleri3

stirps Levistriata4

Amanita amerivirosa

Spore Measurements by Collection

infrasp. taxa, subjunquillea
2

stirps Hesleri
3

stirps Levistriata
4