Amanita sagittaria

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name	Amanita sagittaria
name status	nomen provisorum
author	Tulloss & K. W. Hughes
intro	The following information is based on original research of RET.
cap	The hemispherical to convex cap is 55 - 63 mm wide. The cap is originally white and becomes pale yellow-brown to reddish brown with age. The cap's flesh is 4 - 8 mm thick above the stem and narrows evenly for 3/4 of its radius and then is membranous for the last 1/4 adjacent to the margin. The flesh sometimes bruises pale pink to orange, on exposure it oxidizes to reddish brown. The cap's edge is non striate at first but develops short striations with age. The edge of the cap is decorated by small fibrous to almost membranous flakes that are the same color as the cap. The two layered volval remnants are white at first then turn brown, and may be present as a flat membranous piece of volva over the center of the cap (which may be impregnated with sand) or thin flake like patches of the fibrous pale orange-brown inner layer of the volva.
gills	The close to crowded gills are free to narrowly attached, and there may or may not be a descending line on the upper stem. The gills are 4 - 8.5 mm broad and are occasionally forked or reverse forked. The gill edges appear to be covered with tufts of fine, frosty soft hair. The short gills are squarely cut off and unevenly distributed, they may not be present between every pair of gills and are sometimes not connected to the cap's edge.
stem	The 62 - 94 x 11 - 17.5 mm cylindrical stem narrows upward or downward and is white to off-white. The stem is decorated with tufts of fibrous material that is at first the same color as the rest of the stem then becomes brick-colored like the cap. The stem's flesh is white and somewhat sordid at the bulb, it changes color similarly to the flesh in the cap. No ring is present in mature specimens, but in early development a fleeting zone of compressed fluffy material or a short lived small almost membranous ring is present which breaks up easily and browns with age. The sac-like volva is attached only at the base of the stem and has a upstanding 1 mm thick leathery limb that reaches up to 39-59 mm from the stem base and is 25-28 mm broad. The saccate volva is whitish at first and changes color with age as in the rest of the fruiting body. The saccate volva's base is somewhat rounded to inversely conic and often has a short, small root.
odor/taste	The odor is faint and possibly of the seashore; the taste was not recorded.
spores	The amyloid spores are (9.1-) 11.0 - 15.9 (-19.0) × (3.1-) 3.5 - 4.9 (-5.5) μm and are cylindric to bacilliform. Clamps are infrequent at the bases of basidia.
discussion	This species is found growing solitarily or scattered. In Florida it was described from an open pine forest. In Georgia it was described in sandy soil of a mixed woods containing southern live oak (Quercus virginiana), slash pine (Pinus elliottii), and loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) within 0.6 km of a salt water bay. In New Jersey, it was described in deep sandy soil of an open pine forest. In Texas it grew in a well-drained site of sandy clay under pine and oak. The species can be distinguished from all other known species of section Amidella in North America because of the very narrow (often bacilliform) spores. See the sporograph comparison to A. peckiana on this page's techtab. This species also darkens much more than does A. peckiana; and the latter species also always has a thin partial veil for a brief period during development.—N. Goldman and R. E. Tulloss
brief editors	RET

name

Amanita sagittaria

name status

nomen provisorum

GenBank nos.

Due to delays in data processing at GenBank, some accession numbers may lead to unreleased (pending) pages. These pages will eventually be made live, so try again later.

accession	locus	voucher	source



MT073012	nrITS	24.xi.1994 Robert S. & Rosemary Williams [R. S. Williams 470] (RET 140-1)	L. V. Kudzma, Anandale, NJ
MT073023	nrLSU	24.xi.1994 Robert S. & Rosemary Williams [R. S. Williams 470] (RET 140-1)	L. V. Kudzma, Anandale, NJ

intro

Olive text indicates a specimen that has not been thoroughly examined (for example, for microscopic details) and marks other places in the text where data is missing or uncertain.

The following is based on original research of R. E. Tulloss.

pileus

55 - 65 mm, originally white, becoming pale ochraceous to soft reddish brown, dry, shiny to subshiny, hemispherical (with incurved margin) to convex; context 4 - 8 mm thick above stipe, narrowing evenly for three-quarters of radius, then membranous, white to cream, sometimes brownish in disk, sometimes bruising pale pinkish orange rather quickly, oxidizing on exposure to reddish or brick or red-brown; margin nonstriate at first, becoming short striate in age, decurved, appendiculate with small, concolorous, fibrillose to submembranous flakes; universal veil two-layered (probably white at first, then browning), may be present as large leathery easily removed calyptra over disc (impregnated with sand) and/or as distributed thin flakes or small patches of fibrillose, paler, orange-brown (5A4, 6C-D3) inner layer.

lamellae

free to narrowly adnate with or without decurrent line on stipe to narrowly adnexed, close to crowded, cream in mass, white to off-white in side view, bruising as in pileus, becoming dingy tannish on drying (e.g., 6D4), 4 - 8.5 mm broad, occasionally forking or reverse forking, with minutely pruinose or flocculose edge; lamellulae truncate and not present between all pairs of lamellae, unevenly distributed, occasionally not connected to pileus margin.

stipe

62 - 94 × 11 - 17.5 mm, cylindric or slightly narrowing upward or downward, barely flaring at apex, white to off-white, decorated with floccose fibrillose material that is at first concolorous and becomes brick colored like the pileus, seems punctate in somewhat dehydrated specimens; context white, somewhat sordid in bulb, changing as in pileus, hollow to stuffed in 3 - 8 mm wide central cylinder, no data on color in larva tunnels; exannulate, but in early development with fugacious zone of compressed flocculose material or with deciduous small submembranous submedian to superior annulus that easily breaks up, in any case with such material browning like all other parts of basidiome; universal veil as saccate volva attached only near base of stipe, with upstanding, 1 mm thick, leathery limb reaching to 39 - 59 mm from stipe base and 25 - 28 mm broad, whitish changing as in rest of basidiome, with base somewhat rounded to inverse conical to fusiform, often subradicating.

odor/taste

Odor faint, possibly of the seashore. Taste not recorded.

macrochemical
tests

Spot tests for tyrosinase (L-tyrosine) and laccase (syringaldazine) both rapidly positive in all tissues. KOH on context and stipe surface - promotes browning reaction, negative on pileipellis. NH₄OH negative except for slight browning in pileus context and slight tint of orange on remnants of inner universal veil layer on pileus. Test vouchers: Tulloss 7-13-85-AN1, 10-25-86-E.

pileipellis

65 - 95 µm thick; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.8 - 6.0 µm wide, interwoven, randomly arranged in and near disk, gelatinizing at the surface, those of greater diameter farther from surface and some of these with segments inflated to 11.0 µm wide; vascular hyphae 1.0 - 5.0 µm wide, at the surface, locally loosely tangled.

pileus context

filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.2 - 10.2 µm wide, branching, in loose weave; acrophysalides terminal, subglobose to subpyriform (to 86 × 62 µm) and ellipsoid to ovoid to elongate to broadly clavate (to 106 × 52 µm) to narrowly clavate; vascular hyphae 1.5 - 3.8 µm wide.

lamella trama

bilateral; w_cs = 50^± µm; central stratum is pronounced; angle of divergence of inflated cells 60^± - 90^±°; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.8 - 6.0 µm wide; inflated cells ventricose or sausage-like, terminal, singly or in pairs, up to 55 × 20 µm; vascular hyphae 2.0 - 5.2 µm wide, branching, appearing in subhymenium and occasionally appearing to penetrate hymenium.

subhymenium

w_st-near = 135 - 140 µm; w_st-far = 150 - 155 µm; ramose to inflated ramose to subcellular; contains some small globose and ellipsoid cells, dominated by branching, short-segmented hyphae with some segments inflated and clavate or irregularly clavate; basidia arising from cells of all forms.

basidia

44 - 56 × 6.5 - 12.5 µm, 4-sterigmate, with sterigmata to 6.5 µm long, thin-walled, narrowly and sometimes somewhat irregularly clavate; clamps observed, not common.

universal veil

On stipe base, outer surface: gelatinizing tangled filamentous undifferentiated hyphae 2.0 - 13.3 µm wide, about 20 µm below surface small inflated cells begin to appear. On stipe base, interior: filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2.8 - 10.0 µm wide, frequently branching, tangled, dominant for most of the region nearest the outer surface, progressively less dominant toward inner surface; inflated cells ellipsoid to elongate to broadly clavate, up to 95 × 78 µm, with walls thin or thickened to 1.0 µm, terminal, usually singly, sometimes possibly in pairs; vascular hyphae 2.5 - 4.5 µm wide, uncommon. On stipe base inner surface: filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 1.4 - 7.5 µm wide, frequently branching, plentiful; inflated cells plentiful to dominant, thin-walled, ellipsoid to ovoid (up to 86 × 68 µm) to narrowly clavate (up to 171 × 51 µm); vascular hyphae 2.2 - 5.0 (-10.0) µm wide. On pileus: as at base in the outer and interior layers; inner surface also similar to that found at the stipe base with the addition of locally plentiful, inflated hyphal segments up to 27 µm wide, slightly larger, ellipsoid inflated cells than are found at stipe base; vascular hyphae to 11.2 µm wide, uncommon.

stipe context

longitudinally acrophysalidic; filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 3.0 - 7.7 µm wide, plentiful; acrophysalides plentiful to locally dominant, thin-walled or with walls slightly thickened, to 276 × 47 µm; vascular hyphae 2.1 - 10.8 µm wide, branching, locally plentiful and then tangled or knotted; clamps observed.

partial veil

not found in material examined.

lamella edge tissue

sterile.

basidiospores

send to graphing tool

RET: [205/8/8] (9.1-) 11.0 - 15.8 (-19.0) × (3.1-) 3.5 - 4.9 (-5.5) µm, (L = 11.8 - 16.0 µm; L’ = 12.8 µm; W = 3.9 - 4.7 µm; W’ = 4.2 µm; Q = (1.96-) 2.56 - 3.68 (-4.68); Q = 2.70 - 3.61; Q’ = 3.03), hyaline, colorless, thin-walled, smooth, amyloid, cylindric to bacilliform, usually adaxially flattened; apiculus sublateral, truncate conic, proportionately small; contents granular to mono- or multiguttulate; white in deposit.

ecology

Solitary to scattered. Florida: In open Pinus forest, Quercus not noted, but possibly nearby because oak hammocks are encountered on same trail. Georgia: In direct sun within 0.6 km of salt water bay in sandy soil of mixed woods including Q. virginiana, P. elliottii and P. taeda. New Jersey: At 29 m elev. In deep sandy soil of open Pinus forest. Texas: In well drained site consisting of alluvial deposit of sandy clay under Pinus and Quercus.

material examined

U.S.A.: FLORIDA—Alachua Co. - Gainesville, summer.1949 W. A. Murrill s.n. (MU f21884 as "A. agglutinata"). Marion Co. - Ocala Nat. For., tr. at Lk. Delancy, 24.xi.1994 Robert S. & Rosemary Williams [R. S. Williams 470] (RET 140-1, nrITS seq'd.). GEORGIA—Camden Co. - Crooked R. St. Pk., 13.vii.1985 A. Norarevian s.n. [Tulloss 7-13-85-AN1] (RET 204-9). Clarke Co. - Athens, Univ. of Georgia Bot. Gard. 25.viii.1978 N. S. Weber 4447 (MICH, as "A. peckiana"). TEXAS—Tyler Co. - Warren, 25.x.1986 C. Skeffington s.n. [Tulloss 10-25-86-E] (RET 467-10).

discussion

A sporographic comparison between the present species and A. peckiana follows.

It seems likely at present (3.v.2016) that this concept may contain as many as three distinct species based on genetic evidence. Much work remains to be done on this issue. One taxon has been separated (as of 30.i.2020)—Amanita texidella.

citations

—R. E. Tulloss

editors

RET

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name	Amanita sagittaria
name status	nomen provisorum
author	Tulloss & K. W. Hughes

name	Amanita sagittaria
bottom links	[ Keys & Checklists ]

name	Amanita sagittaria
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Spore data for collections
provisionally identified as: Amanita sagittaria Tulloss & K. W. Hughes

Spore data sets and their composite

Each spore data set is intended to comprise a set of measurements from a single specimen made by a single observer; and explanations prepared for this site talk about specimen-observer pairs associated with each data set. Combining more data into a single data set is non-optimal because it obscures observer differences (which may be valuable for instructional purposes, for example) and may obscure instances in which a single collection inadvertently contains a mixture of taxa.

basidiospore definition

Spore Measurements by Collection

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stirps Temp

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